Describe the biological mechanism by which resveratrol—contained in mulberry—can stimulate the production of mito...

Explains the biological mechanism by which resveratrol—which is found in mulberry fruit—can stimulate the strengthening of mitochondria. (mitochondrial biogenesis) and can help delay aging. Based on reliable research on PubMed as follows:

The main mechanism of resveratrol in promoting Mitochondrial biogenesis

1. Stimulation of PGC-1α through SIRT1.

Resveratrol reduces the acetylation of PGC‑1α, making PGC‑1α more functional through activating SIRT1, a deacetylase that depends on NAD⁺ in the deacetylation process.

Although there is some debate as to whether it is a direct activator or not. But there is information that it can increase SIRT1 activity through AMPK and increasing intracellular NAD⁺.

2. Activation of downstream networks: NRF-1, TFAM and mtDNA

When PGC‑1α is stimulated, it increases the expression of NRF‑1 and TFAM, which are important for regeneration. Mitochondrial components and function of mtDNA

For example, several studies have found that the use of resveratrol increases levels of NRF‑1, TFAM, COX1 and mtDNA in various cells.

Research in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) found that administration of resveratrol increased PGC‑1α, NRF‑1, TFAM and restored the ability of Mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP

New work in 2024 indicates that in SAP (acute pancreatitis), resveratrol also increases levels of PGC‑1α, NRF‑1 and TFAM in both tissue and cells. While disabling SIRT1 with EX527 reverses these effects.

3. Reduce oxidative stress and prevent apoptosis.

Resveratrol reduces ROS and MDA levels while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD.

Mitochondrial increase Their number and ability reduces electron overload per mitochondria, thus reducing the generation of ROS.

In disease models such as post-SAH or status epilepticus, resveratrol also reduces apoptosis proteins such as p53, caspase‑3, cytochrome c and BAX, as well as neuronal death.

4. Other auxiliary mechanisms

Resveratrol affects AMPK, ERRs, TERT, and NRF‑2, which play a role in mitochondrial biogenesis. mitochondrial as well

In some systems, such as endothelial cells, resveratrol stimulates Mitochondrial biogenesis via the SIRT1 → PGC‑1α cascade

Summary of the overall mechanism

1. Resveratrol → increases NAD⁺ / aktivasi AMPK → stimulates SIRT1 (increases SIRT1 activity or expression)

2. SIRT1 → deacetylate/activate PGC-1α

3. PGC-1α → increases NRF-1 and TFAM expression → enhances mitochondrial biogenesis (increases number and function mitochondria)

4. Downstream effects: increased membrane potential, ATP; Reduce ROS, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

5. Strengthens the antioxidant system (SOD, CAT, etc.) → Helps reduce mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging.

How to delay aging?

Increased cellular energy efficiency: New and improved mitochondria are created. Helps cells have enough ATP to reduce damage from ROS.

Reduces damage from oxidative stress: Improved antioxidative defenses help reduce cell degeneration.

Prevents apoptosis: has a direct effect on reducing cell death. Promote cell survival

Preserve the function of tissues and organs for longer: especially those systems that depend on Mitochondrial cells such as the brain, heart, muscles, immune cells, etc.

Conclusion

Resveratrol is extracted from mulberry. and some other plants It has been proven by many studies in PubMed that it can stimulate Mitochondrial biogenesis via SIRT1 → PGC-1α → NRF-1/TFAM and reduces oxidative stress & apoptosis, which are important mechanisms in delaying aging related to mitochondrial dysfunction